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arXiv · 2609.22432

A Quantitative Method to Investigate the Spectral Class Time Evolution of Novae

Maria Kopsacheili·Martín Guerrero·Diego Alejandro Vasquez Torres
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Abstract

Novae are spectroscopically classified as Fe II or He/N according to the dominance of Fe II, or He and N emission lines in their pre-nebular spectra, while spectra exhibiting both are classified as hybrid. Evidence suggests that these spectral classes represent spectral evolution. We investigate this scenario using a large spectroscopic dataset and introduce a quantitative coefficient, $κ$, to characterise the relative strength of Fe II and He/N emission. The coefficient is defined as the ratio of the flux of the Fe II ($\lambda5169$) line to the mean flux of five He and N emission lines, with $κ>1$ indicating Fe II-dominated spectra and $κ<1$ indicating He/N-dominated spectra. We apply this method to 26 novae using spectra from the Astronomical Ring for Amateur Spectroscopy (ARAS) Database and compare the evolution of $κ$ with optical light curves. Fifteen of the 24 classical novae and one of the two recurrent novae exhibit at least one transition between Fe II- and He/N-dominated phases, while temporal trends suggest this fraction could approach 90% with complete spectroscopic coverage. The $κ$ coefficient closely tracks the optical light curves and repeatedly crosses unity in novae exhibiting jitters, revealing non-monotonic spectral evolution linked to brightness fluctuations. These results support the interpretation of Fe II, He/N, and hybrid spectra as evolutionary stages rather than distinct nova types and establish $κ$ as a quantitative tool for tracing nova spectral evolution while reducing biases from incomplete spectroscopic coverage.

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Maria Kopsacheili, Martín Guerrero, Diego Alejandro Vasquez Torres. 2026-09-18. A Quantitative Method to Investigate the Spectral Class Time Evolution of Novae. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22432

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