Investigating the ionization mechanisms powering the extreme emission lines in metal-poor galaxies

Abstract

Extreme emission metal-poor galaxies (EEMPGs) are excellent local laboratories for understanding the extreme physical conditions and ionizing radiation fields in the early Universe. However, the exact source of high-ionization emission lines in them, whether from intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs), or radiative shocks, remains debated. We characterize the fundamental properties and ionizing radiation field on metal-poor EEMPGs, aiming to identify the dominant sources of the highly ionizing photons that drive these lines. We selected a sample of 11 EEMPGs, among the most metal-poor galaxies with JWST/MIRI observations known so far (12+log(O/H) < 8.0, or Z/Z$_\odot$ < 20%). Using optical and IR diagnostic diagrams for ions of both high and low ionization potential, we constrain the ionization source dominating their spectral features. We detect high-ionization lines, notably He II$λ$4686 in all galaxies and [Ne V] 14.3 $μ$m in 42% of a broader sample of local EEMPGs. The multi-wavelength diagnostic diagrams reveal that our EEMPGs are located in areas that normally are occupied by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or between the star-formation and AGN sequences. Evaluating the energetics required to produce these lines, we find that radiative shocks and ULXs are not sufficient. Instead, our analysis suggests that a combination of sources with star-formation and a small contribution from an IMBH provide enough high-energy photon budget to explain the emission lines of ions with high-ionization potentials (> 54 eV). Our EEMPG sample, covering various properties, is ideal for studying the first galaxies. Their flux ratios of low- and high-ionization lines suggest stellar radiation as the likely ionization source, with a small contribution from an IMBH (4-8%). Pure shocks fail to explain the observed emission line ratios and ionizing photon budget.