Hutch#: Optimal non-adaptive Frobenius norm estimation

Abstract

The Girard--Hutchinson estimator provides an extremely simple randomized estimate of the Frobenius norm of a matrix $A$ that can only be accessed implicitly via matrix-vector products. In particular, if $Ω$ is a random Gaussian matrix with $r = O(1/\varepsilon^2)$ columns, than $\frac{1}{r}\|AΩ\|_F^2$ provides a $(1\pm \varepsilon)$ multiplicative approximation to $\|A\|_F^2$ with high probability. In this work, we introduce a closely related estimator, given by \begin{align*} {\frac{1}{r}\|AΩ\|_F^2 + \frac{1}{r}\|Ψ^T A\|_F^2 - \frac{1}{r^2}\|Ψ^T AΩ\|_F^2}, \end{align*} where $Ψ$ is a second, independent random Gaussian matrix with $r$ columns. We prove that this estimator yields a $(1\pm\varepsilon)$ multiplicative approximation to $\|A\|_F^2$ when $r = O(1/\varepsilon)$, a quadratic improvement over Girard--Hutchinson. This dependence on $\varepsilon$ is optimal. Our method, which we call Hutch# (pronounced ``Hutch sharp''), matches the complexity of the Hutch++ algorithm [Meyer, Musco, Musco, Woodruff, 2021]. However, unlike Hutch++, Hutch# uses only \textit{non-adaptive} matrix-vector products with $A$ and $A^T$ and requires no orthogonalization or other adaptive linear algebra steps. Thus, Hutch# combines the simplicity of the Girard--Hutchinson estimator and the optimal query complexity of Hutch++.