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arXiv · 2609.28745

A Survey of Electron Anisotropies in the Magnetosphere: Dependence on Solar Wind Pressure and Kp

A. J. Hull·O. V. Agapitov·F. S. Mozer
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Abstract

We present a survey of electron distributions measured by THEMIS within Earth's equatorial magnetosphere at $L$ values $\le$ 14. Particular attention is focused on the spatial distribution and occurrence of magnetic field-aligned and perpendicular anisotropies in electron distribution functions and how these depend on solar wind dynamic pressure and magnetospheric activity. Using 161,300 3-s resolution electron measurements from THEMIS A and D, we find that field-aligned anisotropies are most prominent at low energies (30--200 eV) and occur over nearly all $L$ and MLT, with the largest values concentrated in the dayside/postnoon plasmasphere, while perpendicular anisotropies dominate at higher energies (1--30 keV) and are largest and most probable in a narrower band from $L \sim$ 5--10 with a pronounced dayside/prenoon bias. A localized region near dawn at $4\lesssim L\lesssim 8$--9 is found to be typically devoid of field-aligned electrons over the entire 30--200~eV band. Both anisotropy types shift toward lower $L$ shell and become more probable under elevated solar wind dynamic pressure and Kp, and their spatial and energy dependence is largely complementary: perpendicular anisotropies coincide spatially with regions of quasi-parallel chorus generation, while field-aligned anisotropies coincide with oblique chorus and time domain structure (TDS) generation regions. In addition to being a useful diagnostic for electron population types, our results provide a useful basis for comparison with global distributions of wave modes which arise from these anisotropies, and offer an anisotropy-based observational framework for interpreting their dependence on magnetospheric activity.

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A. J. Hull, O. V. Agapitov, F. S. Mozer. 2026-09-23. A Survey of Electron Anisotropies in the Magnetosphere: Dependence on Solar Wind Pressure and Kp. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28745

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