Binary-pulsar Timing: A 3D Solar-System Accelerometer and Unknown-Source Probe

Abstract

The acceleration of the Solar System barycenter (SSB) offers a unique precision probe of the local gravitational environment, enabling searches for otherwise invisible gravitating sources such as Planet Nine and nearby (primordial) black holes. Using the binary-pulsar timing measurements, we develop an analysis framework that combines the line-of-sight differential accelerations of 26 binary pulsars to jointly reconstruct the three-dimensional acceleration of the SSB and place directional upper limits. Across three smooth Galactic-potential baselines, the residual acceleration is consistent with zero. We obtain directional 95\% upper limits of $0.198$, $0.262$, and $0.693~μ\mathrm{as}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ over 50\%, 75\%, and all sampled directions, respectively. These limits are tighter by factors of 3.5, 3.6, and 1.6 than a matched Gaia EDR3 benchmark and improve previous pulsar constraints by more than an order of magnitude. We further extend the framework to the full SSB--pulsar two-endpoint response, enabling direct position-dependent mass constraints on unknown gravitational sources. A $10\,M_\odot$ object is excluded within 0.39, 0.34, and 0.21 pc over the same sky fractions. Our unknown-mass limits surpass the tidal-equivalent INPOP19a reference beyond 0.2 pc by about an order of magnitude over most of the sky at 1 pc.