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arXiv · 2609.29164

Enhancing 5G NTN VSAT RACH in GNSS-Denied environments

Francesco Menzione·Alejandro Gonzalez-Garrido·Flavien Ronteix-Jacquet·Ottavio M. Picchi
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Abstract

The 3GPP 5G non-terrestrial networks (NTN) technology fundamentally relies on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) fix at the user equipment (UE) to pre-compensate for user-link delay and Doppler shifts prior to any transmission, including the random-access procedure for initial access. In GNSS-denied or interfered environments, this dependency triggers preamble collisions and connection dropouts, undermining satellite-based global connectivity. To address this vulnerability, this paper introduces a novel single-satellite positioning framework designed for higher-frequency (Ku- or Ka-band) 5G NTN very small aperture terminals (VSATs) equipped with a phased-array antenna. The multi-step scheme derives an initial coarse position from angle of arrival (AoA) observables, extracts frequency of arrival (FoA) and time of arrival (ToA) measurements from low Earth orbit (LEO) downlink reference signals, and hybridizes them within a Levenberg-Marquardt navigation filter. Systematic evaluations across static grids and realistic dynamic urban trajectories detail the incremental gains of transitioning from single-epoch AoA error minimization to multi-epoch angular tracking, followed by the integration of Doppler and ranging observables. Grounded in a realistic error budget, the proposed framework reduces initial positioning uncertainty from tens of kilometres down to a few kilometres. This level of positioning accuracy, combined with the GNSS-resilient features introduced in 3GPP Release 20 NR NTN specifications, enables robust initial access in compromised operational environments with minimal relaxation of 3GPP standards.

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Francesco Menzione, Alejandro Gonzalez-Garrido, Flavien Ronteix-Jacquet, Ottavio M. Picchi. 2026-09-24. Enhancing 5G NTN VSAT RACH in GNSS-Denied environments. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29164

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