Leg-Tied Tensor Network States: Entanglement Beyond Virtual Bonds

Shuoyi Hu; Bing Gu

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arXiv · 2609.30101

Leg-Tied Tensor Network States: Entanglement Beyond Virtual Bonds

Shuoyi Hu·Bing Gu

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Abstract

We introduce a class of tensor-network states in which physical legs are shared among local tensors, termed leg-tied tensor ansätze (LETTA). Physical leg ties encode long-range correlations directly, while a virtual matrix product state (MPS) backbone retains short-range multipartite entanglement. The linear virtual backbone allows us to develop a deterministic density matrix renormalization group-like variational optimization algorithm using exact contractions over the active tie-boundary sets and local minimization. We demonstrate the advantages of LETTA for the two-dimensional frustrated $J_1$--$J_2$ Heisenberg model and the three-dimensional transverse-field Ising model. Our results show that LETTA is substantially more accurate than same-bond-dimension MPS calculations and can typically reach the accuracy of much larger MPS calculations using one order of magnitude fewer variational parameters. LETTA thus opens the door for explicitly correlated tensor-network states that can encode long-range correlation beyond virtual bonds.

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Shuoyi Hu, Bing Gu. 2026-09-24. Leg-Tied Tensor Network States: Entanglement Beyond Virtual Bonds. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30101

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