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arXiv · 2609.30210

The Alignment Illusion in Multimodal Large Language Models

Hong-Han Wang·Yuntao Wang·Hu Ding
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Abstract

Layer-wise visual-text similarity in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) is widely interpreted as evidence that the language model progressively integrates visual content into a shared representation space. This reading rests on the assumption that scalar alignment scores reflect content-level cross-modal interaction. To test this assumption, we apply controlled interventions to the visual stream. Across 13 MLLMs from five families spanning 0.5B to 72B parameters, replacing projector-output visual tokens with Gaussian noise sharply reduces task accuracy, yet four standard scalar measures (CKA, SVCCA, MIR, and the leading principal-angle cosine) fail to consistently separate the corrupted stream from the original. We call this failure the alignment illusion and trace it to the shared language-model pathway: anisotropic MLP down-projections pull visual and text tokens toward common output directions, producing weight-induced alignment. Because this component is essentially one-dimensional, we introduce the principal-angle gap (PA gap), defined as the difference between the top two principal-angle cosines, which separates weight-induced similarity from multi-directional visual structure. Under graded visual corruption, the PA gap tracks task accuracy more consistently than the scalar scores we consider; under a structured but irrelevant image, it further exposes regimes in which internal geometry and task accuracy come apart. Internal visual-text alignment in MLLMs is therefore best read as a geometric diagnostic of the visual stream inside the language model rather than a direct proxy for content-level cross-modal interaction, and is most informative when calibrated by controlled task evidence.

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Hong-Han Wang, Yuntao Wang, Hu Ding. 2026-09-24. The Alignment Illusion in Multimodal Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30210

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