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arXiv · 2609.30615

Evidence for the Typhon Stellar Stream as the Remnant of a Recently-disrupted Dwarf Galaxy

João V. Nogueira-Santos·Guilherme Limberg·Silvia Rossi·Hélio D. Perottoni·Lais Borbolato·Fabrícia O. Barbosa·André R. da Silva
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Abstract

In the hierarchical model of galaxy formation, the Milky Way's stellar halo assembles through the successive accretion of dwarf galaxies. While many resulting substructures have been identified, the origin of the recently discovered Typhon stellar stream remains ambiguous, as dynamical data alone are insufficient to distinguish between a globular cluster and a dwarf galaxy progenitor. To resolve this, we combine astrometry from Gaia with spectroscopic data from available surveys to comprehensively analyze the stream's chemical and dynamical properties. We identify 107 candidate members, significantly expanding the known sample. Three of these candidates lie beyond $55\,\mathrm{kpc}$, with the farthest at $67\,\mathrm{kpc}$, lending further support to Typhon's inferred large apocentric distance. Our analysis yields a mean metallicity of $\rm[Fe/H]=-1.42\pm0.07$ and a metallicity dispersion of $σ_{\text{[Fe/H]}} = 0.26^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$ dex. This metallicity dispersion supports a dwarf-galaxy origin for the Typhon stream. Typhon's high orbital energy is consistent with a relatively recent accretion of a fully disrupted dwarf galaxy with a stellar mass in the range of $10^6 M_{\odot} < M_\star \lesssim 10^7 M_{\odot}$. Furthermore, Typhon is the only major dwarf-galaxy stellar stream in the Milky Way's halo to exhibit such an extreme orbital eccentricity of $e \gtrsim 0.85$. We conjecture that dwarf-galaxy streams from high-eccentricity mergers are fully dissolved much more rapidly than those on circular orbits, in line with Typhon's proposed recent accretion. Additional dwarf-galaxy stellar streams on high-eccentricity orbits should be discoverable with next-generation photometric surveys as well as future releases from the Gaia space mission.

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João V. Nogueira-Santos, Guilherme Limberg, Silvia Rossi, Hélio D. Perottoni, Lais Borbolato, Fabrícia O. Barbosa, André R. da Silva. 2026-09-24. Evidence for the Typhon Stellar Stream as the Remnant of a Recently-disrupted Dwarf Galaxy. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30615

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