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arXiv · 2609.31100

Optimal Power Sharing for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions

Juan Diego Rios-Peñaloza·Milan Prodanovic·Javier Roldán-Pérez
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Abstract

Renewable energy power plants are increasingly expected to provide ancillary services to the grid. Yet, the variability of sources such as solar photovoltaics requires additional operational flexibility to deliver these services. In this context, hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) offer an appropriate solution, because different technologies with complementary characteristics can be applied and leveraged to share the power demand and improve the overall performance. Yet, a proper power sharing requires a detailed model of the storage elements. This aspect has barely been studied in the literature, where most models consider constant efficiencies. Moreover, most formulations are based on optimisation problems that are computationally too demanding to be solved in real time. In this paper, a controller is proposed to minimise the losses of a HESS considering detailed power-dependent efficiency curves of each storage technology. The power sharing method is based on the analytical verification of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, which makes it computationally efficient and suitable for real-world deployment. The proposed controller is applied to a test case consisting of a 10 MW PV power plant with a HESS based on a lithium-ion battery and a redox-flow battery, each with 2.5 MW power and 5 MWh capacity. The main contributions are verified via numerical simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink, whereas a real-time implementation deployed in OPAL-RT demonstrates the viability of the algorithm for real-time applications.

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Juan Diego Rios-Peñaloza, Milan Prodanovic, Javier Roldán-Pérez. 2026-09-25. Optimal Power Sharing for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31100

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