Cell division sets a universal flow geometry in cell layers

Abstract

Collective flows in epithelial tissues contain a geometric backbone of vortical interfaces whose statistics exhibit hallmarks of critical percolation and conformal invariance. Yet how fundamental cellular processes govern the breakdown of such symmetry-rich flow geometry remains unclear. Here we show that cell division plays a central physical role in regulating this universal flow organization by controlling both the geometric and mechanical flexibility of the cell-cell network. Using pharmacological perturbations, we find that when proliferation is suppressed through two independent interventions, coherent flows persist but neighbor exchanges decline and conformally invariant geometry is lost. Blocking apoptosis does not affect universality, isolating division as the key control. A vertex model with tunable division quantitatively reproduces these effects and restores conformal invariance when division is allowed. We further trace this effect to changes in both the geometric and mechanical organization of the cell layer: Divisions act as intermittent topological renewals that loosen constraints, preserving the network's flexibility and capacity to rearrange across scales. Thus, beyond its canonical role in growth, cell division acts as a structural and mechanical regulator of collective self-organization. These findings establish a direct connection between fundamental biological processes and emergent physical symmetries.