Linearity bounds for APN functions

Abstract

For $n\ge5$, let $F\colon\mathbb{F}_2^n\to \mathbb{F}_2^n$ be almost perfect nonlinear and write $N=2^n$. It is proven that the linearity $\mathcal{L}(F)$ of $F$, i.e., the largest absolute Walsh coefficient of a nonzero component, is at most $N-10$ in even dimension and at most $N-6$ in odd dimension. This improves the general upper bound of $N-6$ in even dimension and $N-4$ in odd dimension. It is further proven that, for each fixed $k$, the $k$-th largest absolute Walsh coefficient among nonzero components, counted with multiplicity, is at most $(1+O_k(2^{-n}))N/\sqrt{k}$ as $n\to\infty$. The second and fourth largest coefficients are at most $2\lfloor N/3\rfloor$ and $N/2$, respectively. Finally, a bound on the linearity in terms of the number $q$ of nonplateaued nonzero components is derived. In odd dimension, for $q>0$, we have $\mathcal{L}(F)^2\le N(1+\sqrt{q(N-1)})$, so that $\mathcal{L}(F)/N\to1$ implies $q/N\to1$. In even dimension, for every $1/2\le C<1$, the condition $q\le(4C-C^2-1)N/4+1$ implies $\mathcal{L}(F)\le CN$. In particular, $q\le3N/16+2$ implies $\mathcal{L}(F)\le N/2$.