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arXiv · 2610.00305

Crude, Commercial, and Self-Referential: Chinese-Language Coordinated Activity in Japanese-Language X

Kei Ichikawa·Bruno T. Sugano·Genta Toya·Wu Qianyun·Yasuhiro Hashimoto·Masashi Toyoda·Naoki Yoshinaga·Kazutoshi Sasahara
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Abstract

Malicious coordination has long been regarded as a principal source of information ecosystem pollution. Here, we focus on crude, text-repetition-based coordination. As the demand for mitigating its dissemination has grown, scholars have studied such coordination, focusing especially on bot detection. Few studies, however, have characterized malicious coordination per se or examined how it elicits reactions from general users. Leveraging a dataset of 734,173 Chinese-language coordinated accounts and around 495 million coordinated posts published between May 2024 and March 2026, this study analyzes the characteristics of coordinated behavior and how general users react to coordinated posts. We report three findings: (1) most coordinated accounts are crude and retain the classic marks of automation, and the same criterion applied to Japanese-language accounts over the same month yields a share six times lower; (2) their content is overwhelmingly non-political; (3) regarding their reach, most reactions within large observable cascades originate from coordinated accounts themselves, while posts classified as potentially harmful or illegal material receive a comparatively high proportion of reactions from outside the Chinese-dominant population. We provide a longitudinal quantitative map of crude Chinese-language coordination appearing in X's Japanese-classified stream.

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Kei Ichikawa, Bruno T. Sugano, Genta Toya, Wu Qianyun, Yasuhiro Hashimoto, Masashi Toyoda, Naoki Yoshinaga, Kazutoshi Sasahara. 2026-09-28. Crude, Commercial, and Self-Referential: Chinese-Language Coordinated Activity in Japanese-Language X. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.00305

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