Factor Code Networks

Abstract

For a quantum code defined by an isometry $T:H_{\rm code} \to H_{\rm phys}$, an operator map is a *-homomorphism $φ: B(H_{\rm code}) \to B(H_{\rm phys})$ from the space of operators on the logical Hilbert space to the space of operators on the physical Hilbert space satisfying $φ({\cal O}) T = T {\cal O}$ for every operator ${\cal O}$ on $H_{\rm code}$. This can additionally be taken to be unital $φ(I_{code}) = I_{phys}$ if and only if $\dim H_{\rm code}$ divides $\dim H_{\rm phys}$. In this case, $φ(B(H_{\rm code})$ is a von Neumann factor subalgebra of $B(H_{\rm phys})$ and we call the pair $(T,φ)$ a {\it factor code}. A code network is a family of Hilbert spaces $\{{\cal H}_i\}$ indexed by a partially ordered set with isometries $T_{ji}:{\cal H}_i \to {\cal H}_j$ for $i < j$ satisfying $T_{kj} T_{ji} = T_{ki}$ for $i < j < k$. In this paper, we ask when this can be promoted to a {\it factor code network} by defining unital operator maps $φ_{ji}$ so that $(T_{ji}, φ_{ji})$ is a factor code and $φ_{kj} φ_{ji} = φ_{ki}$. We show that the divisibility conditions on Hilbert space dimensions are sufficient for any code network with a tree structure but not in general. For a diamond-shaped network, we show that promotion is possible if and only if the principle angles between $T_{42} H_2$ and $T_{43} H_3$ all have multiplicity divisible by $H_1$. For incomparable $i_1,i_2 < j$, we characterize when $φ_{j i_1} (B(H_{i_1}))$ and $φ_{j i_2} (B(H_{i_2}))$ commute, when they generate all of $B(H_j)$, and when they intersect only on multiples of the identity. For $i < j_1,j_2 < k$, we characterize when $φ_{k j_1} (B(H_{j_1})) \cap φ_{k j_2} (B(H_{j_2})) = φ_{k i} (B(H_{i}))$ and when these algebras together with $B(H_k)$ form a nondegenerate commuting square.