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arXiv · 2610.00965

High-energy neutrinos from shocked circumnuclear material around optically-bright and infrared-only tidal disruption events

Mainak Mukhopadhyay·Shigeo S. Kimura·Tatsuya Matsumoto
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Abstract

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) can launch sub-relativistic outflows that drive shocks into the surrounding circumnuclear material (CNM), providing a natural site for cosmic ray (CR) acceleration and high-energy neutrino production through hadronuclear ($pp$) interactions. We model this emission for optically bright and infrared (IR)-only TDEs, the latter motivated by a recently identified population of luminous IR transients with weak or absent optical counterparts, consistent with TDEs embedded in dusty, obscured nuclear environments. We semi-analytically compute the shock dynamics, CR acceleration and transport, and neutrino production, including the radiative cooling and compression in dense environments. While optical TDEs remain inefficient $pp$ neutrino sources with comparatively small neutrino yields, radiative compression in dense IR-only TDEs enhances the target density and allows the pp efficiency to approach the calorimetric regime, yielding up to $\sim 10\%$ of the observed diffuse neutrino flux at $100$ TeV, given the rate uncertainties. The long-lasting neutrino emission and low individual source yield motivate joint electromagnetically informed stacking searches. We forecast such searches for IceCube, IceCube-Gen2, KM3NeT, and HUNT, and conclude that a future $\sim 30\ {\rm km^3}$ neutrino observatory can reach $3σ$ sensitivity for nearby ($z \lesssim 0.4$) IR-only TDEs with multi-year search windows. Growing optical and IR TDE samples can therefore enable population-resolved searches that can test whether dense, obscured nuclear environments are efficient high-energy neutrino sources.

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Mainak Mukhopadhyay, Shigeo S. Kimura, Tatsuya Matsumoto. 2026-10-01. High-energy neutrinos from shocked circumnuclear material around optically-bright and infrared-only tidal disruption events. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.00965

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