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arXiv · 2610.01519

Auto-Formalizing Neuro-Symbolic Predictors

Samuele Bortolotti·Weixin Chen·Han Zhao·Andrea Passerini·Stefano Teso·Antonio Vergari
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Abstract

Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) predictors incorporate prior knowledge into the prediction process of neural networks, ensuring that outputs satisfy specified constraints, making them particularly suitable for high-stakes applications where compliance with domain knowledge is essential. A key bottleneck in this paradigm is the acquisition of symbolic constraints: encoding domain knowledge into logical formulas remains a manual and expert-intensive process. In this work, we investigate the extent to which auto-formalization via LLMs can systematically translate textual knowledge into symbolic knowledge that can be plugged into NeSy predictors. To this end, we introduce auto-nesy-bench, a new benchmark for evaluating constraint formalization and its impact on downstream accuracy of NeSy predictors. Through an extensive evaluation across several domains, we find that LLMs can formalize constraints to a meaningful extent, generating formulas that are often similar to those provided by human experts. Moreover, when the generated formulas are syntactically valid, they can lead to high-quality downstream predictions. The code and benchmark are available at https://unitn-sml.github.io/auto-nesy-bench/.

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Samuele Bortolotti, Weixin Chen, Han Zhao, Andrea Passerini, Stefano Teso, Antonio Vergari. 2026-10-01. Auto-Formalizing Neuro-Symbolic Predictors. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01519

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