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arXiv · 2610.04088

Towards Safer Autonomous Driving in an Open World: A Dual-Process Approach

Simon Janssen·Michiel Braat·Chris van der Ploeg·Serge Thill·Jan-Pieter Paardekooper
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Abstract

Before autonomous driving systems can be deployed on public roads, it is vital that these systems comply with safety standards, traffic rules, and social norms. Although neural networks trained on large amounts of driving data perform well in routine driving tasks, these models often struggle in novel situations that are not well-represented in the data. In this work, we propose a novel framework that combines a neural network for intuitive, learning-based planning in routine driving tasks with model predictive control for reasoning-based planning in unfamiliar situations, inspired by Dual Process Theory. A meta-cognitive component is designed to switch between the two, using a knowledge graph to reason about contextual risk based on explicit perceptual information and relevant traffic rules and social norms. Contextual risk is represented through risk fields, guiding both the switching mechanism in the meta-cognitive component and compliance with safety standards, traffic rules, and social norms in the reasoning-based planner. The effectiveness of our framework is tested in CARLA for variations of a typical out-of-distribution situations involving (emergency) vehicles running a red light. We show that the novel architecture reduces the number of collisions in the scenarios by 89% and improves compliance with the special right-of-way rules, compared to the NN-only planner.

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Simon Janssen, Michiel Braat, Chris van der Ploeg, Serge Thill, Jan-Pieter Paardekooper. 2026-10-02. Towards Safer Autonomous Driving in an Open World: A Dual-Process Approach. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04088

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