Blind Beamforming for Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: A Gradient Bandit Approach

Abstract

The beamforming problem of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has been extensively considered from an optimization perspective assuming that channel state information (CSI) is available. However, the reality is that the existing prototypes seldom follow this model-based approach because channel estimation is technically difficult and costly for the network protocols and hardware to date. A recent trend is to perform beamforming blindly without channel knowledge. This work looks at blind beamforming from a reinforcement learning point of view. We first show that the existing blind beamforming method boils down to a special case of the greedy algorithm in the reinforcement learning context. We analyze the resulting cumulative regret, and further propose an upper approximation to facilitate the optimization of the exploration probability. Moreover, we show that a gradient sampling scheme can improve the efficiency of reinforcement learning as compared to the uniform sampling scheme adopted in the existing blind beamforming method. We further verify the convergence of the proposed gradient sampling scheme by showing that it is a stochastic approximation to gradient ascent. Finally, we physically implement the proposed method in a real-world prototype system. Our field test results show that, as compared to the existing blind beamforming method, the proposed gradient sampling boosts the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by more than 5 dB with 1000 samples.