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arXiv · 2610.07437

A Study of Prior Case Retrieval Using Lexical, Semantic, and Rhetorical Role Information in Indian Legal Documents

Sayed Ayaan Ahmed Sha·Sangeetha Sivanesan·Anand Kumar Madasamy·Navya Binu·Aniket Mani·Rishu Kumar
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Abstract

For retrieving prior cases in Indian legal judgments, the problem involves distinguishing relevant legal facts from mere lexical similarities because a prior case that shares a statute with the query judgment is not necessarily relevant. In this paper, we describe an empirical evaluation of three consecutive designs of retrieval systems for the IL PCR(Indian Legal Prior Case Retrieval) task. We demonstrate that the combination of the rhetorical roles (Fact, Ratio Of The Decision, Precedent, Argument, Statute) is better than either using individual roles or performing full text retrieval, that statute similarity is not discriminative, and that a legal entailment reranker with training data produced by an LLM is much worse in terms of official evaluation than its internal validation score. Two rankers, with excellent internal MRR up to 0.97, performed poorly in terms of official evaluation (MRR as low as 0.14). Thus, we propose a new design with query disjoint splitting and frozen validation fusion. The result is a four stage pipeline with Micro F1 0.2549, MRR 0.6081, and nDCG@10 0.4187.

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Sayed Ayaan Ahmed Sha, Sangeetha Sivanesan, Anand Kumar Madasamy, Navya Binu, Aniket Mani, Rishu Kumar. 2026-10-05. A Study of Prior Case Retrieval Using Lexical, Semantic, and Rhetorical Role Information in Indian Legal Documents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07437

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