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arXiv · 2610.09755

Diffusion-Generated Image Watermarking: A Two-Axis Taxonomy and Three Protocol-Bounded Case Studies

Sung Ju Lee·Nam Ik Cho
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Abstract

Watermarking diffusion-generated images requires balancing provenance signals with image quality, robustness, and computational cost. This work organizes methods along two axes: insertion mechanism and primary signal-bearing representation, and formalizes a representative $z_T$-Fourier pipeline for verification and identification. We then use the taxonomy to structure three protocol-bounded case studies. The first examines associations among frequency integrity, detection, quality, and cropping behavior. The second revisits persistence under seed-linked and seed-independent editing and formulates a scoped Semantic Imprinting Hypothesis without claiming a localized carrier or causal mechanism. The third studies single-shot VAE-latent phase modulation, including its efficiency, regeneration robustness, and robustness--quality operating points. Finally, we separate four content-level attack families from model/pipeline adaptation, propose corresponding evaluation protocols and testable conjectures for parameter-tuning threats, and identify additional temporal extensions for video. These analyses do not establish a universal ranking; instead, they provide a framework for matched, protocol-aware comparisons of watermarking systems for diffusion-generated images.

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Sung Ju Lee, Nam Ik Cho. 2026-10-07. Diffusion-Generated Image Watermarking: A Two-Axis Taxonomy and Three Protocol-Bounded Case Studies. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09755

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