Spin Chain with Continuous Exponential Symmetry: Topological Phase and Beyond

Abstract

We study symmetric gapped ground states of one-dimensional spin $S$ chains with a continuous exponential symmetry $U(1)\rtimes\mathbb Z_2$ with integer base $q$, where the U(1) charge has a modulated unit of charge $q^{L-j}$ decaying exponentially with site $j$. The simplest model is a quantum breakdown model that can be viewed as a $q$-deformation of the XXZ Haldane spin chain. We show that the topology of their symmetric ground states crucially depends on $S$ and $q$. For integer $S$, odd $q$ allows a nontrivial $\mathbb Z_2$ Haldane-type symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase with protected edge modes, while even $q$ allows no nontrivial SPT phase. For half-odd integer $S$, odd $q$ prohibits any unique symmetric gapped ground state due to a Lieb-Schultz-Mattis obstruction, whereas even $q$ enforces a novel symmetric gapped phase which we name as the ``half-SPT" phase. Unconventionally, the half-SPT phase only has a symmetry protected edge mode on one edge, and has half of the string orders of an SPT phase. Our results uncover a new type of symmetry-protected gapped phases beyond existing classification schemes.