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arXiv · 2610.11346

Photon evolution through light-particle conversion in stochastic magnetic fields: Kramers--Kronig relations and universality

Wataru Chiba·Ryusuke Jinno·Kimihiro Nomura
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Abstract

We study photon conversion into light particles, such as dilatons, axions, and gravitons, induced by background magnetic fields, and formulate the resulting evolution in terms of the Stokes parameters. We show that photon conversion reduces to an effective non-unitary evolution of the photon sector. In the perturbative regime, the Hermitian and anti-Hermitian parts of the effective photon Hamiltonian are related through Kramers--Kronig relations, revealing that the changes in the Stokes parameters are not independent. We apply this general framework to photon evolution in Gaussian stochastic magnetic fields with possible helicity, and derive the ensemble-averaged evolution of the Stokes parameters. We find that two nonzero contributions arise even in the absence of magnetic helicity, which respectively correspond to the overall attenuation of all the Stokes parameters and to an irrelevant overall phase. We also find that magnetic helicity gives rise to two additional contributions, one of which changes the circular polarization while the other induces a rotation of linear polarization. These contributions form two Kramers--Kronig pairs. In particular, photon conversion induced by magnetic helicity is accompanied by both circular-polarization and birefringent responses. The same structure appears in dilaton-photon, axion-photon, and graviton-photon systems, revealing universality of photon conversion in magnetic fields.

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Wataru Chiba, Ryusuke Jinno, Kimihiro Nomura. 2026-10-08. Photon evolution through light-particle conversion in stochastic magnetic fields: Kramers--Kronig relations and universality. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11346

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