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arXiv · 2610.11420

Engineering Photon Avalanche Thresholds in Single Nanocrystals with Plasmonic Nanostructures

Marcin Szalkowski·Maciej Fryckowski·Małgorzata Misiak·Artur Bednarkiewicz·Dawid Piątkowski·Sebastian Maćkowski
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Abstract

Optical sub-diffraction imaging has become an essential tool in modern research. Recently, a new imaging strategy has been demonstrated that exploits the strongly nonlinear excitation-emission response of rare-earth-doped nanocrystals operating in the photon avalanche (PA) regime. This approach benefits from simple optical instrumentation, near-infrared excitation and emission, low cytotoxicity, and high photostability. However, its practical implementation is hindered by relatively high (10-100s of kW/cm2) excitation power densities required to initiate the PA process. We aim to mitigate this limitation through electromagnetic field enhancement provided by metallic nanostructures. The results of microscopic studies of individual photon-avalanching nanocrystals coupled to a silver island film demonstrate a greater than tenfold reduction in the excitation power density required to trigger the avalanche emission. These experimental results, corroborated by numerical modelling, which elucidates the role of plasmon-mediated electromagnetic field enhancement in modifying the photon avalanche dynamics, paves the way towards new generation of low excitation power probes for sub-diffraction imaging and sensing.

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Marcin Szalkowski, Maciej Fryckowski, Małgorzata Misiak, Artur Bednarkiewicz, Dawid Piątkowski, Sebastian Maćkowski. 2026-10-08. Engineering Photon Avalanche Thresholds in Single Nanocrystals with Plasmonic Nanostructures. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11420

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