An anatomically grounded human-scale dynamic model of contraction-driven lymphatic pumping

Abstract

Lymphangions, the valved muscular segments of lymphatic vessels, pump lymph against an adverse pressure gradient. Current models resolve this pumping in one vessel, a short chain or a regional network, and whole-body human models are passive. We extend the passive whole-body network of a companion static study to the active regime on the same anatomical graph, with intrinsic contraction, dynamic valves and a respiration-gated venous outlet on every vessel. Without fitting the waveform or the contraction amplitude, the network settles into a bounded pumping cycle at the lymphovenous junction, at a clinical pressure of 7.5 to 12.3 mmHg and a drainage of 35 to 50 mm^3/s. Respiration adds a swing of 1 to 2.5 mmHg at the junction and contraction about 1 mmHg inside the duct. Pressure generation is limited more by load than by drive, and no single contraction amplitude fits every vessel. Raising the subclavian venous pressure from 3 to 15 mmHg lifts the deep cervical node from 8.6 to 21.1 mmHg at the weakest drive, a transmission of 1.04 that falls to 0.78 at the strongest, so contraction buffers cervical drainage against venous pressure. The same solver gives the human cervical outlet pressure that cerebrospinal-fluid drainage models prescribe.