Entanglement Catalysis Beyond the Asymptotic Rate

Abstract

Quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource in quantum information science, commonly consumed to perform tasks like quantum teleportation and quantum key distribution. Entanglement concentration converts partially entangled pure states into nearly perfect Bell pairs. While its efficiency is well understood in the asymptotic limit, practical protocols must operate with finite systems. In this finite regime, and at the low error levels relevant in practice, performance is penalized by corrections that reduce the achievable yield. We investigate whether this fundamental finite-size penalty can be mitigated by an entanglement catalyst: an auxiliary state that aids the transformation but is returned exactly and uncorrupted. Although such a catalyst cannot increase the leading-order asymptotic yield, we show that it fundamentally alters the finite-size scaling. For every bipartite pure state with nonuniform Schmidt coefficients, we exactly determine the optimal second-order correction to the yield and show that catalysis completely overcomes this finite-size penalty.