Topological Classification of Univariate Sparse Polynomials via Tropical Geometry

Abstract

We give the topological classification of some simplest univariate complex fewnomials, and find tropical fans of the fewnomial strata with each topological type. Specifically, for the support $ A=\{d,d+1,d+2,d+3,d+4\},\quad d\geq3, $ we classify the topological equivalence classes of polynomials having two critical values of ramification type $(2,2)$. There is one class for odd $d$ and two classes for even $d$. We describe the branches at infinity of the corresponding one-dimensional stratum using Newton polytopes of certain complete intersection representations of the sought strata, and determine their tropicalizations. The combinatorial types of the obtained tropical polynomials distinguishes all three kinds of topological equivalence classes. These computations suggest a correspondence between topological equivalence classes of polynomials and combinatorial types of tropicalizations of their branches at infinity, as well as a possible periodicity phenomenon under translations of the support.