Learned Graph Bases for Neural Operators on Power-System Transients

Abstract

Fourier neural operators predict power-system transient trajectories with high accuracy. We extend this line of work by examining the choice of spatial spectral basis, studying both the graph Fourier transform derived from the grid's own coupling network and learnable bases trained from that starting point and from a Fourier control. Evaluated in one controlled pipeline across three protocols spanning unseen fault locations and shifted operating regimes, the learnable bases improve on a parameter- and budget-matched DFT variant by 7-14% in distribution, with per-case significance on both in-distribution protocols and no loss on the third; the gain comes from adaptation rather than from the coordinates alone. We further characterize the regime dependence of this gain, identifying its cause, locus, and continuity, and show that a resolution requires no new model: averaging the learned and frozen variants gives the best shift-robust predictor, while their disagreement provides a label-free alarm that flags every shifted case with no false alarms.