MODAIC: Coordinated Asynchrony for Decentralized Multimodal Learning

Abstract

Multimodal decentralized learning enables collaboration across heterogeneous edge devices without sharing raw data, but differing modality sets create coupled computation and communication bottlenecks. Multimodal agents support cross-modal alignment while training more model components and sharing bandwidth across multiple modality overlays. Under bandwidth limits, these agents can become hot spots: transfers miss aggregation windows, and their updates become stale or underrepresented, degrading worst-agent accuracy. Asynchrony removes global blocking but does not by itself coordinate local cross-modal interaction with timely peer-update exchange. We present MODAIC (Modality-Decoupled Asynchrony with Interleaved Coordination), a wait-free system that coordinates local modality progress, peer-to-peer update delivery, and aggregation under heterogeneous compute and bandwidth. Hierarchical asynchrony lets modalities progress independently while enforcing reciprocal feature exchange; load-aware update fetching overlaps training with communication, limits concurrent serving load, and reuses late arrivals; and consensus-aware peer selection uses lightweight metadata to account for update availability, peer participation, and loss similarity without active probing. We implement MODAIC as a containerized multi-agent framework and evaluate it on local and cross-region cloud testbeds. Across AVE and KU-HAR, MODAIC improves average accuracy and multimodal worst-agent performance. On AVE at 200 Mbps per agent, it improves multimodal worst-agent accuracy by 11.0 percentage points at 1000 seconds over the strongest baseline. On the cloud testbed, it reduces time-to-accuracy by up to 30%. Ablations show that simpler load-balancing and delayed-aggregation variants leave a worst-agent accuracy gap, and stress tests show tolerance to WAN variability and partial tracker unavailability.