Unconventional quantum spin mixing of two spin-1 atoms beyond the single-mode approximation

Abstract

The single-mode approximation (SMA) has been widely employed in ultracold spinor gases, where all spin components share the same spatial mode. By adopting generalized Van Vleck (GVV) perturbation theory, we achieve a relative error of $10^{-6}$ in the ground-state energy with a reduced effective Hilbert space dimension of $\sim 10^3$ for two spin-1 bosons confined in a one-dimensional hard-wall trap. With the accurate GVV method, we explore the validity of the SMA across ground-state properties and quench spin dynamics for two $^{7}\text{Li}$, $^{87}\text{Rb}$, or $^{23}\text{Na}$ atoms. Numerical results show that the quadratic Zeeman energy $q$ provides a powerful control knob: by increasing $|q|$, the fidelity between the spin components in the ground state gradually decreases, leading eventually to the breakdown of the SMA (due to the competition between the kinetic energy and the quadratic Zeeman energy). Quench spin dynamics with abruptly increased $q$ further reveals multiple resonances, where the SMA-predicted micromotion and beyond-SMA macromotion appear simultaneously. These results point to a direction to investigate the quantum spin-mixing dynamics beyond the SMA, particularly in recent experiments of strongly interacting spin-1 atomic gases.