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arXiv · 2610.20875

Optimally Trading Energy for Information through Speed Trajectory Optimization of Sustainably Powered Mobile Robots

Kavin M. Govindarajan·Dimitra Panagou·Chris Vermillion
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Abstract

Sustainably powered mobile robots enable long-duration observational missions by harvesting energy from the environment. However, effective autonomy requires the robots to make decisions as to how to allocate this energy to maximize information quality over time. In this paper, we study a persistent (infinite-horizon) speed trajectory optimization problem that is posed as a periodic optimal control problem in which a robot repeatedly traverses a fixed closed path, coupling a super-linear propulsion cost with dynamic information gain and decay. Using the information-theoretic quantity of clarity as an information metric, we first derive the necessary conditions for optimal control. We then derive a number of specialized follow-on properties, which characterize (i) the nature of the optimal control when points on the path are of varying importance and when they are of equal importance, along with (ii) a high-speed information limit that is approached when energy reserves approach infinity. We illustrate the information-optimal speed trajectories on a simple example in order to showcase key trends that are followed under the optimized speed profile. This is followed by a simulation study based on the persistent characterization of salinity in the Chesapeake Bay, illustrating the practical merit of applying the results from this work.

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Kavin M. Govindarajan, Dimitra Panagou, Chris Vermillion. 2026-10-14. Optimally Trading Energy for Information through Speed Trajectory Optimization of Sustainably Powered Mobile Robots. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20875

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