Broadband chiroptical sensing with two-mode subwavelength grating waveguides

Abstract

Engineering local optical chirality in planar photonic structures offers a route to selective and enhanced light-matter interactions with chiral media. Here, we introduce periodic dielectric waveguides that support chiral evanescent fields through the interaction of two nearly degenerate waveguide modes. We develop a perturbation theory for such a waveguide covered by a chiral layer, relating chirality-induced modal coupling and propagation-constant corrections to measurable intermodal power conversion and differential transmission. Whereas modal detuning confines the chiral response of a symmetric waveguide to a narrow spectral range, mode hybridization in an asymmetric waveguide creates individual eigenmodes that carry nonzero local chirality over a broad spectral range. We show that modal dichroism in realistic lossy waveguides can produce a significant background differential transmission signal. Such a background, however, can be suppressed by comparing transmission through two asymmetric waveguides with opposite structural asymmetries, allowing the chiral response to be reliably extracted. Together, these findings provide a basis for developing integrated photonic components with locally chiral fields, including waveguides, metasurfaces, and resonators.