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arXiv · 2610.23808

Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Multi-Fluid Cosmologies: General Formalism and the Case of Cosmological Stasis

Keith R. Dienes·Fazlollah Hajkarim·Lucien Heurtier·Fei Huang·Kuver Sinha·Brooks Thomas·Tao Xu
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Abstract

Scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) provide a powerful probe of the expansion history of the universe prior to the Big Bang. Indeed, the production of such gravity waves depends on the evolution of first-order scalar perturbations within the early universe, while their subsequent propagation depends on the background equation of state. In this paper we extend previous discussions by studying SIGWs in cosmologies containing multiple fluids. As we shall demonstrate, the gravitational-wave signal within such multi-fluid cosmologies is modified in two distinct ways: not only are there new velocity effects which have no single-fluid analogues, but there are also significant alterations to the subsequent redshifting of modes that enter the horizon before the multi-fluid era ends. Thus SIGWs provide a probe of not only the overall expansion rate within such cosmologies, but also their internal multi-fluid composition. As an example, we then consider the case of gravitational waves arising during an epoch of cosmological stasis. During such an epoch, the abundances of energy components with different equations of state remain constant, thereby giving rise to a universe with a constant effective equation of state which nevertheless remains genuinely multi-fluid despite cosmological expansion. Despite their constant equations of state, we find that such stasis cosmologies also give rise to tensor power spectra and present-day gravitational-wave abundances which are significantly different from those expected within a standard radiation-dominated universe.

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Keith R. Dienes, Fazlollah Hajkarim, Lucien Heurtier, Fei Huang, Kuver Sinha, Brooks Thomas, Tao Xu. 2026-10-16. Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Multi-Fluid Cosmologies: General Formalism and the Case of Cosmological Stasis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23808

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