Flashing with colours: Photometric indicators of an early interaction in type II supernovae

Abstract

We present early-time optical photometry and spectroscopy for a sample 27 previously unpublished type II supernovae (SNe II) observed by the Precision Observations of Infant Supernova Explosions (POISE) collaboration, combined with a literature sample of 59 events to form a total sample of 86 objects. The resulting light curves comprise near-daily cadence, percent-level precision $uBgVri$ photometry. From spectra acquired within four days of the estimated explosion time, transient narrow emission lines of highly ionised elements, referred to as `flash features', can be identified. Based on the presence or absence of these lines, the SNe were categorised. We estimate key photometric properties, including rise times, peak absolute magnitude, and colour evolution. Our tests indicate that flash SNe are, on average, more luminous at the peak than their non-flash counterparts, which is consistent with previous studies. Interestingly, statistically significant differences were found in the rise times in the $B$ band, with flash SNe exhibiting a tail towards longer rise times. Flash SNe are generally bluer than non-flash events, with distinct colour distributions at 20 days post explosion, likely reflecting intrinsic differences rather than host-galaxy extinction. Colour-curve breaks within 30 days of explosion provide a clear separation between flash and non-flash SNe. The change in slopes across the break, combined with the absolute peak magnitude, yield a strong diagnostic of the flash-spectroscopic properties. This indicates that photometric observations alone may be used to identify SNe experiencing an interaction with dense circumstellar material, even in the absence of early-time spectroscopy.