On the Positivity of de Sitter Group Averaging

Abstract

Perturbative quantum gravity about a global de Sitter (dS$_d$) background involves constraints that restrict the state of the linearized theory but which appear only at higher orders in perturbation theory. In particular, for familiar gravitational theories with $d>2$ these constraints require all charges defined by continuous de Sitter isometries to vanish in the linearized state. While standard Fock spaces have the property that the only normalizable state satisfying these constraints is the vacuum, Higuchi suggested that this lack of allowed states should be remedied by instead using the so-called group-averaging inner product. This inner product satisfies important uniqueness conditions, but its positivity has to date remained an open question. For $d > 2$, we establish this positivity here for all such states with $N$ particles (including particles of arbitrary spin) in standard global dS${}_d$ modes where the particle-weights $Δ_i$ satisfy the condition ${\rm Re} \, \sum_{i=1}^N Δ_i > d-1$, which is the criterion for group averaging to converge absolutely for arbitrary finite linear combinations of such states. We also treat the case of bosonic and fermionic (integer and half-integer spin) particles in dS$_2$ as a toy model for the more general case. However, we can identify certain classes of states for which group averaging continues to converge absolutely for smaller weights. Interestingly, in some cases these smaller-weight states turn out to have {\it negative} group-averaging norms. We thus also discuss the implications of this observation for perturbative de Sitter quantum gravity.