From Classical Trapping to Curvature-Induced Bolus Formation in Peristaltic Wave-Driven Flows

Abstract

Bolus formation is one of the most distinctive features of peristaltic transport, yet the mechanisms governing its development remain incompletely understood. In this work, axisymmetric peristaltic-wave-driven flows under zero-pressure-gradient conditions are investigated using a high-fidelity lattice Boltzmann framework over a broad range of wave amplitudes, wavelengths, and Reynolds numbers spanning the Stokes limit to Re=100. In the Stokes limit, bolus formation is governed by the classical trapping mechanism and exhibits a remarkable wavelength-normalized similarity, with both bolus morphology and transport characteristics approaching common asymptotic behaviors as the wavelength increases. As fluid inertia becomes significant, this similarity progressively breaks down and wavelength-dependent trapping behavior emerges. In the short-wavelength regime, the pronounced geometric bending of the wave reorganizes the local flow structure and produces a distinct off-axis bolus associated with a curvature-induced trapping mechanism. The influence of this mechanism expands toward longer wavelengths with increasing Reynolds number and occupies an increasingly large portion of the parameter space considered in the present study. The results reveal that bolus formation cannot be described by a single universal mechanism. Instead, the observed trapping behavior arises from the competition between classical trapping and curvature-induced trapping, whose relative importance is controlled by wavelength, wave amplitude, and Reynolds number. These findings establish a unified physical framework for understanding bolus formation and transport in peristaltic-wave-driven flows.