Proving LLM-Generated GPU Kernels Correct and Safe: Floating-Point Verification in Lean and VerCors

Abstract

Modern statistical model development begins with a high-level specification in an automatic differentiation framework such as PyTorch, JAX, or TensorFlow, which is then lowered to a target backend by a compiler or implemented manually by a research engineer. In this paper, we study whether frontier language models can correctly perform the latter task by generating GPU kernels from high-level benchmark specifications. We introduce a framework in which a language-model agent uses Velvet, a program verifier for imperative programs embedded in Lean, to prove semantic equivalence between a high-level specification and a generated CUDA kernel under an explicit set of assumptions. It also asks the LLM to prove thread safety and data race freedom of the generated kernel in VerCors, a deductive verifier for parallel code. Our main contribution to the formal verification of LLM- generated GPU kernels is showing that a combination of Lean automation and language-model-guided proof construction can verify a broad set of basic neural- network building blocks over floating-point values, allowing LLMs to implement semantically correct and safe kernels. In our framework, floating-point verifications never rely on compiled code and are always checked via the Lean kernel.