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arXiv · 2610.27543

KNOX: Hardware-assisted Regulatory Sandbox for Generative Models

Vasisht Duddu·Adam Caulfield·Xi He
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Abstract

Regulations require companies to run AI models in a regulatory sandbox, an isolated environment that enables monitoring model behavior by regulators, prior to deployment. But, they do not spell out the technical mechanisms to design such a sandbox. Ideally, a regulatory sandbox should show (i) compliance (checks against regulations, and deviations from intended behavior, i.e., unauthorized tool and system calls); (ii) confidentiality (protects model weights from regulators); (iii) attestability (produces tamper-resistant evidence of model behavior for monitoring); and (iv) scalability (evidence is verifiable by multiple regulators). Several prior works (information-flow control, prompt-injection defenses, control-flow integrity, and traditional sandboxing) address specific compliance aspects but lack confidentiality, attestability, and scalability. TEEs meet some of these requirements, but simply running models inside a TEE is insufficient as we need compliance mechanisms. We present KNOX, the first regulatory sandbox, built by running AI workloads inside TEEs. We demonstrate KNOX using agentic workloads. For compliance, we derive an attested policy manifest (with the applicable regulations, the expected tool calls, and the permitted system calls) for a given user prompt. Before an executor performs an action, an attested reference monitor compares it against the attested policy manifest and allows it only if it matches. Every action and verdict is recorded in an attested execution graph, enabling regulators to verify the model's execution and its compliance. We show that KNOX meets all requirements, and can check for compliance with regulations and deviations from intended behavior (e.g., due to prompt injection); and incurs low overhead (<1%).

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Vasisht Duddu, Adam Caulfield, Xi He. 2026-10-20. KNOX: Hardware-assisted Regulatory Sandbox for Generative Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27543

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