Large Language Models Meet Bayesian Optimization: Towards Self-evolving Wireless Digital Twins

Abstract

Wireless digital twins (DTs) are increasingly integrated with artificial intelligence to support online modeling, prediction, and network optimization. However, most existing approaches perform adaptation within predefined learning or optimization structures, which may become unsuitable when wireless tasks and operating conditions change. In this article, we investigate the integration of large language models (LLMs) and Bayesian optimization (BO) to extend wireless DTs from online adaptation towards algorithm-level self-evolution. We introduce an LLM-assisted BO framework in which BO provides a stable and sample-efficient optimization backbone, while the LLM determines whether selected BO components should be retained or adapted based on the current task and accumulated optimization experience. In simulations, we apply the framework to Gaussian process (GP) kernel discovery for a multi-user wireless beam-selection problem. Simulation results show that the LLM-discovered kernel improves the final BO performance by 19.7% on the training tasks compared with the strongest standard kernel baseline. The results demonstrate the potential of combining LLM flexibility with structured BO for self-evolving wireless DTs.