Phase Separation in a Mixture System of Active and Passive Particles

Abstract

We carried out molecular dynamics simulations of a mixture of self-propelled particles (SPPs) and passive particles. When the self-propulsion speed was sufficiently high, the system separated into two phases. One phase consists of ordered passive particles, and the other is a disordered mixture of both particle types. The separation arises from the interplay between the self-propelled motion of SPPs and thermal motion of the passive particles, since phase separation does not appear with either particle type alone. As the self-propulsion speed increases, the SPPs push surrounding particles away, effectively increasing their excluded size. As a result, the increase in the effective excluded sizes promotes the accumulation of passive particles and the segregation of SPPs into the dilute phase through a mechanism analogous to the depletion interaction. This mechanism explains the phase separation observed in the present study. Our findings provide insights into the potential applications of SPPs and contribute to our understanding of natural systems composed of elements with different levels of motility.