Disentangling constraints on $S_8$ from the high and low redshift CMB

Abstract

The clustering of matter in the universe is quantified by $σ_8$, the RMS fluctuations today in linear theory in spheres of radius $8h^{-1}$ Mpc, where $h$ parametrizes the Hubble constant. Surveys of gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering best constrain $S_8\equiv (Ω_m/0.3)^{0.5} σ_8$, where $Ω_m$ is the energy density of matter in units of the critical density. Comparing this late time measurement to the value of $S_8$ inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), one can test the $Λ$CDM prediction for the growth of clustering from the primordial universe to now. Several analyses report hints that CMB measurements of $S_8$ are larger than those from galaxy surveys. However, CMB measurements have information from both high and low redshift due to lensing, and these tests traditionally conflate the two. Here, we present a technique to extract constraints on the cosmological parameters from each redshift component separately, enabling a high-z vs. low-z clustering comparison that was not previously possible. We marginalize over lensing information using a principal component analysis, and show that the primordial CMB from combined Planck 2018, ACT DR6, and SPT-3G D1 prefers $S_8= 0.795\pm0.022$, in agreement with the recent determination from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) of $S_8=0.789\pm0.012$. The clustering inferred from CMB lensing is larger. However, both the level of excess lensing and increase in agreement with DES depends on the prior on the sum of neutrino masses, $\sum m_ν$. We find that removing lensing brings the CMB towards agreement with DES in any case.