Characterization of Phase Transitions with the Annealed Importance Sampling Algorithm

A. Prat Pou; E. Romero; J. Marti; F. Mazzanti

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arXiv · 2610.41500

Characterization of Phase Transitions with the Annealed Importance Sampling Algorithm

A. Prat Pou·E. Romero·J. Marti·F. Mazzanti

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Abstract

We We explore the use of the Annealed Importance Sampling (AIS) algorithm as a numerical tool to study phase transitions and critical phenomena. By mapping physical systems such as Ising and spin-glass models directly onto Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), and extending the analysis to both synthetic and trained architectures, we use a unified RBM framework to compare the performance of AIS against standard Monte Carlo methods in regimes characterized by strong fluctuations and complex energy landscapes. The unified RBM formulation allows for massively parallel sampling, offering a scalable and precise alternative to traditional Monte Carlo methods. Building on a simple, heuristic mean-field AIS initialization derived from the weights of the network, the proposed scheme enhances sampling efficiency and accuracy across all systems considered, proving its effectiveness as a tool to detect and characterize phase transitions in discrete spin and spin-like systems. Our results show that a properly initialized AIS reliably estimates thermodynamic observables, including the partition function and magnetization, while accurately detecting both paramagnetic-ferromagnetic and paramagnetic-spin-glass phase transitions across various system sizes.

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A. Prat Pou, E. Romero, J. Marti, F. Mazzanti. 2026-10-30. Characterization of Phase Transitions with the Annealed Importance Sampling Algorithm. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41500

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