Spatial structure promotes coexistence, resilience, and synergy in microbial communities

Abstract

Microbial communities are highly complex systems with a tremendous number of interactions. They thrive in vastly different environments, from the human body to soil and marine ecosystems, and show remarkable properties such as coexistence, diversity, and resilience. Additionally, they are almost always spatially structured. However, the role of space in shaping microbial communities remains poorly understood, in part because explicitly modeling space substantially increases model complexity and limits further exploration of its effects across different settings. Here, we present a minimal theoretical model that incorporates spatial structure into a consumer-resource framework through local and global nutrient consumption. Using this model, we explore the effect of spatial structure on several important properties of microbial communities. We find that spatial structure promotes coexistence under nutrient limitation, increases community resilience to environmental fluctuations, and allows communities to benefit synergistically from poor nutrients. We then extend the model to make spatial structure adaptive, allowing species to become more isolated when competition threatens their presence. Our results show that moderate spatial adaptation promotes coexistence, while weak and strong adaptation do not. Interestingly, strong spatial adaptation can substantially increase community coexistence under environmental fluctuations, while not necessarily promoting coexistence in the absence of fluctuations. Together, our results provide a simple framework for exploring how spatial structure shapes microbial community assembly, dynamics, and response to fluctuating environments.