Coherent transduction and dynamical back-action between light and millimeter waves

Abstract

Electro-optic transduction can bypass the loss and noise of electronic frequency conversion at millimeter-wave frequencies by parametrically converting signals onto low-loss, low-noise optical carriers, with coupling rates that grow with frequency. Exploiting this growth, however, requires shrinking both the millimeter-wave and optical resonators while preserving their quality factors and spatial overlap, which has not yet been achieved. Here, we demonstrate a triply resonant transducer whose optical and millimeter-wave resonators have comparable dimensions and minimal mode volumes. Coupled lithium niobate Fabry-Pérot cavities, with free spectral ranges above 650 GHz and quality factors up to $10^6$, form a photonic molecule integrated with a quarter-wave gold resonator at 263 GHz. The device reaches a vacuum electro-optic coupling rate $g_0/2π\approx 60$ kHz, six times larger than previous millimeter-wave transducers and sixty times larger than at microwave frequencies. The device optically detects room-temperature thermal millimeter-wave photons at effective occupancies below one, which also serve as a calibration tone for transduction efficiency. Coherent transduction reaches cooperativities approaching 0.3, corresponding to internal efficiencies around 67%, accompanied by electro-optic dynamical back-action that broadens or narrows the optical resonances. These results demonstrate the advantage and feasibility of the frequency scaling of electro-optic coupling, establishing an architecture for weak-signal sensing and quantum and classical networking.