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arXiv · 2611.00356

Unpacking the process of watching a 360-degree video: How physiological responses and head rotation relate to affective and cognitive outcomes

Portia Wang·Yujie Tao·Monique Santoso·Jeremy Bailenson
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Abstract

A defining feature of 360-degree video is that the perceptual experience is actively constructed. As viewers turn their heads, shift their gaze, and encounter changing visuals, their perceptual experience is not predetermined, but rather emerges through ongoing exploration. Yet, it is unclear how the process of watching immersive videos unfolds, and how it is related to psychological and physiological outcomes. We present a large-scale study (N=200) in which participants experienced one of 10 pieces of 360-degree videos in virtual reality. Results showed that greater head rotation was associated with greater valence, higher attention focus, longer length of subjective review, and lower simulator sickness; greater pupil dilation was associated with lower valence, lower review ratings, and greater use of negative tone in written reviews. A mediation analysis revealed that participants who rotated their heads more experienced greater frame-to-frame pixel-level perceptual changes in their field of view, which in turn resulted in greater valence and lower simulator sickness. Moreover, participants tended to rotate their heads toward field of view regions with greater perceptual movement, while directing their eye gaze toward less perceptually dynamic areas within that view. We outline theoretical and practical contributions for designing 360-degree content and predicting experiential outcomes.

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Portia Wang, Yujie Tao, Monique Santoso, Jeremy Bailenson. 2026-10-30. Unpacking the process of watching a 360-degree video: How physiological responses and head rotation relate to affective and cognitive outcomes. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00356

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