Solvable dynamics model of in-context learning

Ruoran Bai; Haiping Huang

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arXiv · 2611.00921

Solvable dynamics model of in-context learning

Ruoran Bai·Haiping Huang

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Abstract

Pretrained Transformer architectures display a surprising in-context learning ability without additional training. How the learning process guides the network to achieve this intriguing capability remains unsolved. In this study, we focus on a single-layer, single-head linear attention model, where empirical risk minimization is defined for learning. Given a finite amount of training examples, we determine the exact solution of network parameter dynamics, which is linked to the training error and generalization error, characterizing how memorization and generalization emerge from learning and how these transitions are related to curvatures of the empirical risk landscape. Furthermore, we calculate a data-dependent free energy, from which the training and generalization errors in the long-time limit of learning dynamics can be well predicted. Our work adds insights toward understanding the mechanism of in-context learning, especially from a learning dynamics perspective.

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BibTeX RIS

Ruoran Bai, Haiping Huang. 2026-10-31. Solvable dynamics model of in-context learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00921

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