Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2611.05230

Handling Customer Preferences in Last-Mile Location-Routing: A Bilevel Optimization Approach

José Emmanuel Gómez-Rocha·José-Fernando Camacho-Vallejo·Elena Fernández
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

This paper introduces the Location-Routing Problem with Delivery Preferences, a last-mile delivery problem with service flexibility that integrates collection-point activation and routing decisions while accounting for customer choice. The company determines which collection points to activate, which customers to offer home delivery, and the corresponding delivery route. Customers subsequently decide whether to accept the proposed home-delivery service or collect their parcels from an activated collection point according to ranked preferences over delivery time intervals and collection points. This hierarchical interaction is modeled through a bilevel optimization framework, which can be formulated as a mixed-integer bilevel program that incorporates compensation mechanisms for service inconvenience. Two equivalent single-level reformulations that exploit the structure of the customers' problems are developed. In addition, a two-phase heuristic is proposed to generate feasible solutions that can be used as warm starts for the formulations. The computational experiments run to compare the performance of the formulations, show that the warm-start strategy becomes particularly effective as the instance size increases. The comparison with a benchmark model that ignores customer preferences indicates that explicitly accounting for customer choice alters the resulting location-routing configuration while improving customer preference satisfaction at a small increase in the company's overall cost. These findings highlight the importance of jointly considering operational efficiency, service flexibility, and customer autonomy in last-mile delivery planning.

Explore related subjects

math.OC

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

José Emmanuel Gómez-Rocha, José-Fernando Camacho-Vallejo, Elena Fernández. 2026-11-03. Handling Customer Preferences in Last-Mile Location-Routing: A Bilevel Optimization Approach. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.05230

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Common Noise by Random Measures: Constructing Mean-Field Equilibria for Competitive Investment and Hedging

We construct Nash equilibria in mean-field portfolio games of optimal investment and hedging under relative performance concerns with exponential (CARA) utility preferences. Common noise dynamics are modeled by integer-valued random measures, for instance Poisson random measures, in addition to Brownian motions. Agents differ in individual risk aversions, competition weights, and initial capital endowments, while their contingent claim liabilities depend on both common and idiosyncratic risk factors. Mean-field equilibria are characterized by solutions to McKean-Vlasov backward stochastic differential equations with jumps, for which we prove existence and uniqueness of solutions, without assuming mean-field interaction to be small. Moreover, we show how the equilibrium can be constructed from the optimal strategy of a single-agent optimization problem (without mean-field interaction) via an appropriate projection. Using successive changes of measure, our derivation provides a decomposition of the equilibrium strategy into three components with clear interpretations. Finally, we show how a limiting mean-field game of quadratic (instead of utility-based) hedging with relative performance concerns arises for vanishing risk aversion.

math.OC↗
arXiv2026

Riemannian EXTRA: Communication-efficient decentralized optimization over compact submanifolds with data heterogeneity

We consider decentralized optimization over a compact Riemannian submanifold in a network of $n$ nodes, where each node $i$ owns a smooth nonconvex local objective $f_i$ defined by its private data, and the goal is to minimize the global objective $F(x)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n f_i(x)$ using only local communications. A naive Riemannian extension of EXTRA leaves the auxiliary normal-space error uncontrolled and does not inherit the Euclidean convergence guarantees. We develop projection-based Riemannian EXTRA (REXTRA) and a retraction-based counterpart that incorporate a normal correction into both the communicated variable and the auxiliary update, while using only one local-variable-sized message per optimization iteration. By jointly controlling consensus, tangent, and normal errors, our analysis interprets the update as a network-based Riemannian inexact-gradient step. For projection-based REXTRA, a sufficiently small constant stepsize and a local initialization yield vanishing consensus, stationary accumulation points, and an $\mathcal O(1/k)$ best-iterate stationarity--consensus bound. For the retraction-based method, we prove that its difference from the projection update is uniformly second order and establish the same convergence properties and rate under a local initialization. Numerical experiments on representative manifold-valued learning tasks demonstrate the communication efficiency of the REXTRA updates.

math.OC↗
arXiv2026

Quantification of Tail-trimming Effects for Interval CVaR Based Nonlinear Regression

The tail trimming strategy is widely adopted for robustness against outlier contamination in statistical learning and operations research. However, it generally lacks the thorough understanding that to what extent the tail-trimming technique is effective for nonlinear regression. In this paper, we address the robust nonlinear regression based on the so-called interval conditional value-at-risk (In-CVaR), which is introduced to guard against outliers by trimming extreme losses. We first analyze the trimming effect of the In-CVaR based estimator under distributional perturbation. Our first finding is that the In-CVaR based estimator is qualitatively robust under distributional perturbation in terms of the Prokhorov metric if and only if the largest portion of losses is trimmed. Furthermore, under sample contamination, we derive a probably approximately correct (PAC) bound for the In-CVaR based estimator, showing that the preliminary covariate filtering that is customary in the literature is not needed for In-CVaR based regression. The nonconvexity of the In-CVaR objective, together with unboundedness of covariates, responses and parameter space create the technical challenges for our developed theory, and thus necessitate the new treatment of the qualitative robustness and PAC analysis. Overall, this study rigorously analyzes robustness properties of In-CVaR based nonlinear regression models, which illustrates to what extent the right tail-trimming of the loss by In-CVaR risk measure is essential and effective for robust nonlinear regression. These theoretical findings are further supported by numerical experiments.

math.OC↗