Left-Invariant Kernels of the Hodge-de Rham Operator on Three-Dimensional Lorentzian Lie Groups

Abstract

We determine the kernel of the Hodge--de Rham operator on left-invariant differential forms for the seven customary families of three-dimensional Lorentzian metric Lie algebras. Every parameter stratum is treated, including zero structure constants, singular bracket matrices, and null modular directions. If $θ(X)=\mathrm{tr}\,\mathrm{ad}_X$ is the modular character, the full kernel is the direct sum of constants, the space $K=\mathrm{Ann}([\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{g}])\capθ^\perp$, its Hodge dual, and the volume forms. We give explicit real bases in all seven families and compute the exterior differential and geometric codifferential on every basis form. The non-unimodular calculation remains valid without the customary extra normalization conditions, and hence also covers metric representatives omitted by those conditions. The resulting dimensions are $2,4,6$, or $8$; the two middle-degree dimensions agree. Explicit examples distinguish the kernel of the first-order operator from the kernel of its square. All assertions concern smooth left-invariant forms, with no square-integrability condition.