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arXiv · 2611.08930

Wellness Robots and the Path to Full Autonomy

Mohammad H. Mahoor·Matthew Hessler·Lombe Chileshe·Ola Alsaadi·Eshrat Emamian·Kerstin S. Haring·Richard M. Voyles
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Abstract

This paper introduces the autonomous wellness robot as a distinct category of socially assistive system, defined by its capacity to continuously assess and respond across the seven ICAA dimensions of wellness (see Figure 2). We propose the Care Robot Autonomy Scale (CRAS): a six-level taxonomy (L0-L5) modeled on the automotive automation standard SAE J3016 and evaluated across four wellness-aligned dimensions. We present Ryan, developed initially at the University of Denver and commercialized by DreamFace Technologies, as a case study. NIH/NIA-funded longitudinal evidence (N = 18; 887 hours) shows statistically significant cognitive improvement (SLUMS +2.61, p = 0.015) and a clinically meaningful directional reduction in depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 -2.50, p = 0.073), with no novelty effect. We position Ryan today at CRAS Level 1-2, with emerging Level 3 capabilities in some dimensions, and outline a three-phase roadmap to L5 (full autonomy) by the early 2030s.

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Mohammad H. Mahoor, Matthew Hessler, Lombe Chileshe, Ola Alsaadi, Eshrat Emamian, Kerstin S. Haring, Richard M. Voyles. 2026-11-06. Wellness Robots and the Path to Full Autonomy. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.08930

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