Training-Free Active Test-Time Adaptation for Vision-Language Models

Abstract

Test-time adaptation (TTA) for vision-language models (VLMs) is usually studied in a fully unsupervised regime, where adaptation relies on pseudo-labels, confidence scores, or entropy computed by the model itself. This is a severe restriction on hard shifted samples: the model is asked to repair its own uncertain predictions without any external evidence. At the other extreme, supervised online adaptation assumes labels can directly train or correct the model. We study the intermediate deployment regime between these two extremes. In Active Test-time Adaptation for VLMs (Active VLM-TTA), a pretrained VLM may spend an explicit labeling budget on selected test samples, but the prediction for the current sample must be emitted before its label can be used; queried labels are therefore costed, delayed evidence for future samples rather than free correction for the present one. Under this future-only constraint, the central question is how to reuse sparse labels conservatively. We instantiate this setting with ACTive VLM-TTA for Online Retrieval (ACTOR), a training-free plug-in module that routes uncertain samples among base prediction, label query, and memory-based correction using a consistency-and-reliability check over previously queried labels. Across ten cross-domain benchmarks and a domain-transfer benchmark based on ImageNet, ACTOR consistently improves strong VLM-TTA baselines on ResNet and ViT backbones with negligible inference overhead. Our implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/kaist-dmlab/ACTOR.