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arXiv · 2611.09236

Axion cloud survival in nuclear star clusters

Chen Feng
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Abstract

Stellar perturbations can ionize a superradiant boson cloud while transferring energy and angular momentum from the perturbing orbits. We follow the cloud after superradiant saturation by coupling its occupation to a two-dimensional, orbit-averaged Fokker--Planck equation for the stars. The evolution includes stellar relaxation, capture, orbital backreaction, and gravitational-wave (GW) emission from both the cloud and the stellar orbits. We evolve 24 models with black hole masses $M=10^5$--$10^7M_{\odot}$ and couplings $0.04\leqα\leq0.40$. Stars with semimajor axes of a few Bohr radii, $r_c=M/α^2$, dominate ionization. Stellar replenishment from the outer cluster sustains ionization over hundreds of Myr, particularly for extended clouds. Of the 24 models, 21 lose at least $99\%$ of their initial cloud mass. For compact clouds, intrinsic GW emission dominates the depletion.

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Chen Feng. 2026-11-06. Axion cloud survival in nuclear star clusters. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09236

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